The story of the Bombing of Darwin

Courtesy of City of Darwin

Darwin had been a strategic port on Australia’s northern edge for decades, but in the mid-1930s a major military build-up began. By 1942, the population had more than tripled, with around 7,500 troops stationed in Darwin and many military installations dotted throughout the Territory.

Soon after the attacks on Pearl Harbour, Prime Minister Robert Menzies gave evacuation orders that required all women and children to compulsorily leave Darwin. Over 2000 women and children were evacuated, the final evacuation aircraft left Darwin just one day before the first Japanese air raid.

Women and children evacuate from Darwin

There were, however, around 2,300 civilians still in Darwin on 19 February 1942. Seventy of them were women who claimed essential jobs such as secretaries, nurses, court stenographers, maids and telephonists.

Just before 10am that day, formations of 188 Japanese aircraft mounted a deadly air raid on Darwin. There were two attacks, the first lasted about 25 minutes with Kate bombers, Val dive bombers and Zero fighters causing devastation in Darwin Harbour, to infrastructure and to the town. The second, at 11:45am, involved high altitude bombing of the Royal Australian Air Force base by twin-engine machines. The attacks were planned and led by the same Japanese commander who also led the attacks on Pearl Harbour 10 weeks earlier, Commander Mitsuo Fuchida.

Bombs rained down on Darwin city and direct hits were suffered by the Darwin Post Office, killing the post-master, his family, 6 female telegraphists and several male staff. Nearby, a young Aboriginal woman, Daisy Martin, a member of staff at Government House was also killed in those first attacks.

The remains of the Darwin Post Office.

The remains of the Bank of NSW on the corner of Smith and Bennett Streets.

Darwin Harbour was dotted with 46 allied ships which became targets for the enemy aircraft and soon black smoke rose from damaged ships. Burning fuel on the surface of the Harbour’s water created a deadly hazard for survivors trying to escape the carnage.

The Neptuna, an ammunition ship, was tied up at the Wharf, and nearby the destroyer USS Peary was anchored, having arrived back into Darwin Harbour that morning for supplies. A direct hit to the wharf killed at least 21 wharfies, and both the Neptuna and Peary were bombed multiple times, and sunk to the seafloor.

Around 24 men on board the Neptuna and up to 92 men on the USS Peary lost their lives that day. Allied aircraft mounted a counter-attack and gallant anti-aircraft gunners fought to protect the City and Harbour.

The remains of the ammunition ship, the Neptuna.

The Japanese lost four aircraft, two Val bombers and two Zero fighters. One of the fighters crash-landed on Melville Island to Darwin’s north, and its pilot, Hajime Toyoshima, was captured by a Tiwi Island man Matthias Ullungura who crept up behind him with a tomahawk and said “Stick ‘em up, right up”. Hajime Toyoshima became the first prisoner of war, captured on Australian soil.

Sadly, by nightfall on the 19 February 1942, at least 235 people were killed, more than 400 were wounded, 30 aircraft were destroyed, 9 ships were sunk and many civilian and military facilities were destroyed or damaged.

Army nurses and enlisted women served in military hospitals and camps throughout the Territory, including nurses based in Darwin from mid-1941. They tended many wounded on 19 February 1942, some working continuously for up to 48 hours, and were described as heroines - alongside all the women in Darwin that day.

A group of Aboriginal women employed with the “69 Australian Women’s Army Service”.

The air attacks across northern Australia, centering on the Territory, continued until November 1943, by which time the Japanese had raided Darwin at least 64 times and the Top End over 200 times.

None of the subsequent raids matched the ferocity, and didn’t incur the same amount of damage and deaths, as did the air raids on that first fateful day, 80 years ago.

City of Darwin are holding commemorative services and events to mark the 80th anniversary of the Bombing of Darwin from 18-20 February.